WO2009114930A1 - Systems and methods for distributing a clock to communications devices - Google Patents
Systems and methods for distributing a clock to communications devices Download PDFInfo
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- WO2009114930A1 WO2009114930A1 PCT/CA2009/000255 CA2009000255W WO2009114930A1 WO 2009114930 A1 WO2009114930 A1 WO 2009114930A1 CA 2009000255 W CA2009000255 W CA 2009000255W WO 2009114930 A1 WO2009114930 A1 WO 2009114930A1
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- clock
- mbs
- time
- terminal
- global
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- G—PHYSICS
- G04—HOROLOGY
- G04G—ELECTRONIC TIME-PIECES
- G04G7/00—Synchronisation
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
- H04J3/00—Time-division multiplex systems
- H04J3/02—Details
- H04J3/06—Synchronising arrangements
- H04J3/0635—Clock or time synchronisation in a network
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
- H04J3/00—Time-division multiplex systems
- H04J3/02—Details
- H04J3/06—Synchronising arrangements
- H04J3/0635—Clock or time synchronisation in a network
- H04J3/0638—Clock or time synchronisation among nodes; Internode synchronisation
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
- H04J3/00—Time-division multiplex systems
- H04J3/02—Details
- H04J3/06—Synchronising arrangements
- H04J3/0635—Clock or time synchronisation in a network
- H04J3/0638—Clock or time synchronisation among nodes; Internode synchronisation
- H04J3/0658—Clock or time synchronisation among packet nodes
Definitions
- the invention is directed to communication networks, and in particular but not exclusively to systems and methods for distributing a global clock from a universal source to communication devices.
- user wireless terminals communicate via a radio access network (RAN) to one or more core networks.
- the user terminals can be mobile stations such as mobile/cellular telephones, laptops/notebooks with mobile capabilities, and other portable, pocket hand-held, or car-mounted mobile devices, which communicate voice, data and/or video with a radio access network.
- the wireless units can be fixed devices, e.g. fixed cellular terminals which are part of a wireless local loop or the like.
- Clock synchronization is very critical for digital communication networks; the clock (also knows as the local oscillator) at the receiver end of a communication link must be well synchronized with the clock at the transmitter end both in time and frequency so that it can extract the signal at the right time and at the right frequency to be able to then reconstruct the signal properly.
- BTS base transmission station
- a better synchronization reduces the amount of drifting of bursts of packets beyond a defined transmission period and limits channel frequency drifts, which results in enhanced quality of the received signal and therefore in a better decoding performance.
- the global clock In wired (or wire-line) networks, the global clock is usually provided using a network timing reference (NTR), and the terminals, or the nodes, needs to synchronize their own clock to the NTR.
- NTR network timing reference
- the global clock In wireless cellular communication, the global clock is usually provided to the user terminals (user equipment) units by a serving base station (BTS) via in-band signaling; a BTS transmits regularly or continuously a beacon or pilot signal based on an internal clock.
- the internal clock can be locally generated, derived from an infrastructure network (from legacy T1 or E1 carriers), or synthesized from an external clock.
- User terminals/equipment will always search for a network clock and then synchronize their individual clock with that clock and constantly track it.
- Wireless networks may be asynchronous or synchronous.
- GSM Global System
- CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
- GPS Global Positioning System
- Other synchronous networks are not synchronized onto GPS time; they rather use a master clock.
- ACR Adaptive Clock Recovery
- NTP Network Time Protocol
- PTP Precision Time Protocol
- the ACR algorithms attempt to reproduce the master network clock at far-away nodes.
- ITU International Telecommunications Union
- Synchronous Ethernet will be suitable only for new applications because all elements in the network will need to be significantly upgraded to support the standard.
- NTP is the most widely used protocol for time synchronization over LANs and WANs. It is one of the oldest Internet protocols still in use. NTP is relatively inexpensive to implement, requiring little in the way of hardware. It can usually maintain time synchronization within 10 milliseconds over the public Internet and can attain accuracies of 200 sec or better in LANs under ideal conditions. However, the current version of NTP does not meet the higher precision requirements for Internet evolution, particularly for wireless Internet with latency critical applications.
- IEEE 1588 Standard (Precision Clock Synchronization Protocol for Networked Measurement and Control Systems), also known as PTP (Precision Time Protocol) has received considerable attention since its introduction in 2002. It forms the basis for defining Ethernet links that can transport synchronization signals with small and well-defined delays (with accuracy on the order of sub-milliseconds), synchronizing Ethernet tasks over large physical distances.
- PTP Precision Time Protocol
- a variety of silicon vendors are now producing hardware that supports PTP.
- PTP is used in telecom are for example in LANs supporting multicast communications over heterogeneous systems that require clocks with varying resolution and stability.
- the PTP clocks are organized in a master-slave hierarchy, where each slave synchronizes to its master based on a small set of messages exchanged between the master and slave.
- the master sends to the slave synchronization messages that include the sending time and measures the time difference between the master and slave clocks using the response messages received from the slave.
- the slave sends to the master delay request messages that contain the estimate of the sending time and measures the time difference between the slave and master clocks.
- the one-way delay between the clocks and the offset of the slave clock can be then determined based on two measurements, enabling the slave to correct its clock based on the offset. All clocks run a best master clock algorithm.
- PTP can coexist with normal network traffic on standard Ethernet using transparent switches and 1588 boundary clocks.
- a boundary clock simply serves as a time-transfer standard between the subnets defined by routers or other network devices.
- the boundary clock has a network connection to each of the subnets.
- Ordinary clocks within each subnet synchronize with the boundary clock.
- the boundary clock resofves all of the times of the several subnets by establishing a parent-child hierarchy of clocks.
- cascading boundary clocks can cause nonlinear time offsets to accumulate in the servo loops that generate these clock signals, degrading their accuracy to an unacceptable degree.
- Another current trend is to equip all BTSs with a GPS clock, including the BTSs serving non-CDMA networks.
- New wireless technologies such as 3G (third generation) or fourth generation and B3G (beyond 3G) are being developed with a view to enable network operators to offer users a wider range of more advanced services while achieving greater network capacity through improved spectral efficiency.
- 3G mobile technology supports greater numbers of voice and data customers, especially in urban areas, and higher data rates at lower incremental cost than 2G. Services they can offer include wide-area wireless voice telephony and broadband wireless data.
- Such a small network includes a small radio base station (RBS), also called a “femto RBS", (the term “femto” intends to indicate that the coverage area is relatively small), or "home RBS” that provides coverage over a "femto cell” for the end users when at home or inside a building where the wireless signals are significantly weaker than that outside.
- RBS small radio base station
- home RBS home RBS
- the invention provides methods and systems for improved time and frequency synchronization of wireless networks.
- Another aspect of the invention provides methods and systems for distributing a global clock among the nodes of wireless communications networks.
- the invention provides a method of distributing a method of distributing a global clock to a plurality of networked devices connected over a converged network, comprising: acquiring a universal clock at a universal clock acquiring stage and deriving said global clock from said universal clock; transmitting said global clock to a control stage over one or more point-to-point connections; distributing said global clock to a network access stage over one or more point-to-point connections; and distributing the global clock from said network access stage to all networked devices connected over the converged network.
- the universal clock is typically a Global Positioning System (GPS) clock, but it will be understood that other similar satellite-based services could be employed, such as the European Galileo system or the Russian GLONASS system, or possibly terrestrial-based broadcast services.
- GPS Global Positioning System
- the point-to-point connections are typically wired connections, although it will be understood by one skilled in the art that other point-to-point connections, such microwave links or virtual point-to-point connections could be employed.
- the invention is also directed to a a timing unit for a micro base station (MBS) connected to a communication network over a point-to-point interface, said MBS serving a wireless enabled user terminal over an air interface, said timing unit comprising: a synchronization unit for synchronizing MBS circuitry at said MBS with a global clock received over said point-to-point interface and sending said global clock to said user terminal over said air interface; a MBS message generator for generating a re-hello message in response to a hello message received from said user terminal; a transceiver that transmits said re-hello message to said user terminal and receiving said hello message from said user terminal for triggering said re-hello message generator.
- MBS micro base station
- the present invention provides a clock discipliner for a wireless-enabled terminal connected in a femto cell, and adapted to correct a deviation ⁇ of a local oscillator to an MBS clock received from a micro base station (MBS), comprising: a detector for detecting the MBS clock in timing data received from said MBS; a timing adjustment unit for synchronizing a terminal clock with the MBS clock subject to the deviation ⁇ ; a hello message generator for generating hello messages; and a transceiver for transmitting said hello messages to said MBS at times based on said synchronized terminal clock and receiving re- hello messages transmitted from said MBS at times based on said MBS clock, and wherein said timing adjustment unit determines said deviation ⁇ from the time of arrival of said re-hello messages.
- MBS micro base station
- Yet another aspect of the invention provides a method of adjusting a local clock of a wireless-enabled terminal located within the area of coverage of a micro base station (MBS) serving said wireless enabled terminal, to a global clock received in a periodic bit sequence from said MBS, comprising: synchronizing said local clock to said global clock; transmitting a hello message; receiving a re-hello message transmitted from said MBS in response to a hello message; and determining a time deviation ⁇ between said global clock and said local clock using said re-hello messages and terminal timing data.
- MBS micro base station
- a method of adjusting a local clock of a wireless-enabled terminal located within the area of coverage of a micro base station (MBS) serving the wireless enabled terminal, to a global clock received in a periodic bit sequence from the MBS is also provided according to another embodiment of the invention.
- the invention comprises the steps of: synchronizing the local clock to the global clock; synchronizing the local clock to the global clock; transmitting a hello message; receiving a re-hello message from the MBS in response to a hello message, the re-hello message comprising MBS timing data; and determining a time deviation ⁇ between the global clock and the local clock using the MBS timing data and terminal timing data.
- the invention will enable the users with better quality VoIP services, with fewer dropped frames while watching television.
- Enhancing quality of service (QoS) through improved synchronization also enhances efficiency of the operation of the network elements, minimizes the services degradation and improves the overall network performances.
- GPS for network synchronization
- Synchronization solutions are necessary in order to regulate the interface of current, transitional and next generation networks during the migration period.
- Figure 1 shows GPS clock distribution as proposed by IEEE 1588
- FIGS 2A and 2B illustrate an example of GPS clock distribution across multi- technology networks according to an embodiment of the invention
- Figure 2B shows the network side
- Figure 2A shows the access side
- Figures 3A to 3C show various ways of transmitting the GPS signal within a femto access network
- Figure 4A illustrates a block diagram of a timing unit used for synchronization of user terminals in the femtc-cell shown in the example of Figure 2B.
- Figure 4B illustrates a block diagram of a clock discipliner used for synchronization of UEs in the femto-cell shown in the example of Figure 2B.
- Figure 5 illustrates how a user device synchronizes its clock with the GPS clock.
- FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of a clock distribution system that uses IEEE 1588.
- the master clock in this architecture is a GPS clock 10, provided at a node 1.
- Node 1 distributes the GPS master clock 10 to slave IEEE 1588 PTP clocks 5, 5", and 5", each PTP clock being provided at a node 4, 4' and 4" in this example.
- Nodes 4, 4' and 4" could be mobile of fixed wireless nodes, as shown by the respective antennae 7, T and 7".
- a router or a switch 3 is used in this embodiment for establishing communication between node 1 and mobile nodes 4, 4' and 4".
- Figure 1 shows at 2 that node 1 may distribute the GPS clock to other nodes, not shown.
- the architecture of Figure 1 has a number of disadvantages.
- the GPS clock 10 becomes unavailable, the entire network looses synchronization.
- This drawback can be addressed by providing back-up clocks.
- Such a solution is not ideal in that it increases the network costs.
- Another disadvantage of the synchronization scheme shown in Figure 1 is that is not very reliable when applied to femto (or pico) cells. Namely, the slave clocks on the user terminals may not receive the signal from a femto BTS in some buildings or shielded spaces such as basements or tunnels.
- FIGS 2A and 2B illustrate an example of GPS clock distribution across multi- technology networks (collectively called “a converged network” or a communication network) according to an embodiment of the invention.
- Figure 2A shows the network side of this embodiment and Figure 2B shows the access side.
- the network elements were grouped based on their clock-distribution related functionality; it is to be noted that in some cases the elements are grouped physically as in Figures 2A and 2B, while in other architectures, they are not.
- the base transceiver stations (BTSs) 14 - 18, commonly referred to as GPS clock capable BTSs are designated as "a GSP clock acquiring stage" 11.
- the insert in Figure 2A illustrates an example of the clock signal generated by the BTSs of stage 11.
- the BTSs of stage 11 can use any air interface or technology for communication with the mobile and fixed stations. Also, some of the BTSs of stage 11 may serve different networks, while others can serve the same network. It is also noted that the number of the BTSs of this stage is not limited to five as in Figure 2A.
- the BTSs 14 - 18 acquire the GPS clock 10 and transmit it to the next stage, denoted with 12.
- Stage 12 includes various controllers that serve the respective networks.
- BSC 19 is a base station controller for a GSM (Global System for Mobile) or DCS (Digital Cellular System) network.
- RNC 21 is a radio network controller, which is the governing element in the UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) radio access networks, which is responsible for control of the Node-Bs (the name used for UTMS base stations which are connected to the controller).
- the RNC connects to the Circuit Switched Core Network such as that shown at 20 through a Media Gateway and to a SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node) in the Packet Switched Core Network 24.
- SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node
- ASN gateway 23 is an access service network gateway (WG) as used in mobile WiMax radio access networks.
- ASN Gateway 23 is designed to support connection management and mobility across cell sites and inter-service provider network boundaries through processing of subscriber control and bearer data traffic. The specification refers to this stage as the "control stage" 12.
- the interfaces between the stages 11 and 12 are wire-line connections that are routinely provided for connecting the BTSs to the respective controllers for management and other network operations (messaging).
- Other types of point-to-point connection such as optical links, can be employed.
- Figure 2A illustrates connections such as T1 , E1 , TDM, ATM, DSL, Ethernet or IP by way of example only.
- the control devices in this control stage select the best GSM clock for further distribution. They also synchronize on this best clock. For example, lefs say that RNC 21 receives multiple GPS clocks from multiple BTSs of stage 11.
- Best clock among the clocks received can be assessed for example as the clock closest to the average of the clocks measured over a period of time. For example, if RNC 21 acquired five clock values t1-t5, it would select the clock that is closest to (t1 +t2+t3+t4+t5)/5
- Next stage includes in this exemplary block diagram access devices such as routers, gateways, access points (AP), etc. It shows a MSC (Multi Service Center) 25, which processes voice, data and video services to enable packet transport over a QoS enabled packet transport networks, as shown by network 20; packet based services are predominantly Ethernet or IP based.
- MSC Multi Service Center
- WG wireless gateway
- Packet Control Unit (PCU) 26 is enables access to GSM traffic to network 24. It performs some of the processing tasks of the BSC, but for packet data. The allocation of channels between voice and data is controlled by the base station, but once a channel is allocated to the PCU, the PCU takes full control over that channel.
- a SGSN serving GPRS support node
- SGSN 28 is responsible for delivery of data packets from and to the mobile stations within its geographical service area.
- GPRS General Packet Radio Services
- GPRS General Packet Radio Services
- the tasks of a SGSN node include packet routing and transfer, mobility management (attach/detach and location management), logical link management, and authentication and charging functions.
- U-SGSN (UMTS Serving GPRS Support Node) 27 may be also used in stage 13 to perform similar functions for the UMTS traffic.
- stage 13 refers to stage 13 as the "network access stage” 13.
- the interfaces that connect stages 12 and 13 are provided on dedicated tinks and may use any type of protocols, like the interfaces between stages 11 and 12, s e.g. T1/ E1 , Ethernet, Frame relay, ATM, IP.
- the devices of these stages are collocated or integrated.
- a PCU 26 can be built into the base station, built into the BSC or even it can be provided at the same site with a SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node) 28.
- the devices in network access stage 13 select the best GSM clock for further distribution. They also synchronize on this best clock. The best clock may be selected as explained above in connection with stage 12; other methods may equally be used.
- FIG. 2A shows further distribution of the GSM clock over the circuit core network 20 and over packet network 24, and further on over the PSTN/IP network 22.
- all nodes of network 22 are synchronized to the same clock, referred to here as a "global clock" 50.
- the global clock may in fact be delayed from the GPS clock, but this is irrelevant, once all nodes use the same timing and frequency references.
- the invention is preferably directed to clock synchronization of user equipment (UE) units connected over a wireless femto cell.
- UE user equipment
- network 30 we refer to network 30 as a "home network”, or a “femto network” or a “femto cell”, provided at a customer premise. It is to be noted that network 30, while shown as a home network, can be any other type of small area wireless network such as an office, a building, etc. The term “small” refers to an area that extends to minimum 20 meters from MBS 35.
- FIG. 2B illustrated clock distribution from network 22 to a wireless access unit or gateway 35 installed at the user premise, and from there to the user devices 32 located in area of coverage of gateway 35, the femto cell 30.
- User devices 32 are also referred here as “user terminals”, or “wireless enabled devices/terminals”, or “user equipment”. Such terminals include for example wireless-enabled devices such as notebooks (laptops), TV sets, Blackberry devices, Bluetooth devices, cellular and i-phones, household devices (refrigerators, alarm meters, dishwashers), etc, present in the area of coverage of the femto cell 30.
- networked devices refers to nodes, gateways, user terminals, access points and in general to devices that are connected over a network or over a plurality of networks (converged network) for establishing communication with other networked devices.
- the wireless access unit could be a small base station (BS), a Node-B, a controller, and communicates over an air interface with the UEs 32 in the area of coverage; this unit is referred to in this specification as a micro bas station (MBS), femto gateway, or home gateway.
- MBS micro bas station
- MBS circuitry 49 enables establishment of communication between a network (not shown) and the MBS 35 according to the respective network protocol/s, and between MBS 35 and the terminal 32 over the respective air interface 34.
- the global clock signal 50 derived from the GPS clock can arrive to micro base station 35 over both wireless and wire-line connections.
- the global clock may arrive to antennae 33 of MBS 35 over a wireless connection shown 34.
- the global clock may also arrive to MBS 35 over a wire-line connection.
- the global clock received from PSTN 22 is distributed to various central offices (CO) 31 , 31', from where it is further distributed to femto networks 30.
- the COs 31, 31" are generically represented by a server and an electronics cabinet.
- the global clock 50 is transmitted from the CO 31 over optical fiber 29 to a DSLAM (Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer) 36 from where it is distributed to MBS 35 over twisted-pair cooper lines 29-1.
- DSLAM Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer
- the global clock 50 is transmitted from the CO 31 * over optical fiber 29 to a neighborhood node 37 or 37 ⁇ from where it is distributed to MBS 35 over coaxial cables 29-2 or 29-2.
- Other connection arrangements that are already in place may be used for distribution of the global clock along wire-lines.
- the MBS 35 then distributes the clock to the UEs 32 in the femto cell 30 over a respective air interface.
- This invention takes advantage of periodic control signals that are inherent to current wireless LAN/MAN technologies, whereby some type of periodic signals are transmitted to the UEs at regular intervals of time.
- Such technologies suitable for wireless transmission in femto/pico cells are WLAN technologies (802.11a, b, g or n), 3GPP, WiMax, etc.
- gateways 35 consistent with LAN technology (802.11a, b, g or n) transmit beacon frames in order to announce control information and network identity.
- UE stations 32 are likely to be working at different data rates; because beacon frames must be received by all stations, they are transmitted at the lowest data rate operating in the coverage area.
- beacon frames include information such as frame type, beacon frame interval/rate, sequence number, timestamp, capability information, SSID, supported rates, one or more PHY parameter sets, and the like.
- the UE stations located within transmission range 35 detect the beacon frames and use this information as needed; relevant to this invention is receipt and use of the timing information, needed for correct timing and channel frequencies synchronization of the UE to the gateway, based on the global clock.
- FIG. 3A shows an IEEE 802.11 management beacon frame, which carries a time stamp 43, a time interval 44, and information about the supported rates, such as Point Coordination Function data 41 and Distributed Coordination Function data 52.
- the Point Coordination Function refers to a round robin type scheduling and Distributed Coordination Function refers to a scheduling type where every receiver competes for resources.
- the super-frame 40 begins with a beacon 43; a Target Beacon Transmission Time (TBTT) 44 is also provided for in the beacon frame 40, indicating to the receivers the target time for transmission of the next beacon.
- TBTT Target Beacon Transmission Time
- FIG. 3B shows a Primary Synchronization Channel (PSC) used for example by W- CDMA air interface, used for higher speeds and better security.
- W-CDMA is a wideband spread-spectrum mobile air interface that utilizes the direct sequence Code Division Multiple Access signaling method (or CDMA) to achieve higher speeds and support more users compared to the implementation of time division multiplexing (TDMA) used by 2G GSM networks.
- CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
- TDMA time division multiplexing
- W-CDMA is used e.g. by UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System), a 3G cell phone technology. According to this technology, a subscriber unit first searches for the primary synchronization code (PSC), a component of the primary synchronization channel.
- PSC Primary Synchronization Channel
- the PSC is a fixed 256-chip sequence that is transmitted during the first 256 chips of each 2,560-chip slot.
- the PCS is the same for every cell in the system.
- the subscriber unit determines the presence of a base station, it acquires slot timing from that station. Then, the subscriber unit searches for the secondary synchronization codes (SSCs), which make up the secondary synchronization channel.
- SSCs secondary synchronization codes
- There are 64 unique sequences of 15 SSCs each sequence being associated with one of 64 scrambling code groups.
- Each base station transmits one SSC sequence (15 SSCs per frame) corresponding to the code group containing that base station's scrambling code.
- the set of 64 SSC sequences are selected to be comma free; that is, no sequence is equal to a cyclic shift of any of the other sequences or any non-trivial cyclic shift of itself. Because of this property, once a subscriber unit determines the sequence of SSCs transmitted in any 15 consecutive slots, it can determine both the frame timing and which of the 64 SSC sequences was transmitted, thus identifying the scrambling code group in which the base station belongs. Since there are eight codes in each scrambling code group, the number of candidates has been reduced to eight.
- WiMax IEEE 802.16
- FIG. 3C shows a WiMax frame 70 with a respective downlink sub-frame 66.
- a preamble 65 is sent at the beginning of each downlink sub-frame, it being used by the UE unit for cell/sector identification, frequency reuse factor, synchronization and channel performance assessment.
- the preamble has one of 128 distinct patterns which identify each sector in which a BTS transmits, using a cell ID; the neighbouring cells or sectors have different patterns so that the user terminals are able to distinguish a cell or sector from others.
- An initial synchronization operation determines the start of the frame by observing the autocorrelation of the time domain replica of the preamble, with a view to detect the preamble. Preambles are usually sent with a boosted power (say, 2.5 dB higher than the average data signal strength).
- a preset control signal such as a beacon, a synchronization code received on the PSC (primary synchronization channel) or a preamble that is periodically transmitted to the user equipment to enable synchronization and other basic operations required for setting-up a connection.
- This signal is referred to here as a "periodic bit sequence", where the word “periodic * is used to indicate that the bit sequence is transmitted periodically in the downlink (with each downlink frame).
- This signal carries the global clock in the bit sequence, which is known to the receiver, whereby the receiver can detect the sequence and extract the clock.
- Each of these bit sequences produces a signal pulse each IOOmseconds as an example, so that each local clock of a user terminal 32 could be synchronized with this 10 pulse per second (PPS) clock.
- the invention is not limited to use of the periodic bit sequences described above for some of the current/emerging wireless technologies; other existing and/or emerging protocols may provide for bit sequences with similar characteristics; these may as well be used for time and frequency synchronization of the user wireless-enabled terminals.
- Figures 4A and 4B show block diagrams of embodiments of the micro base station 35 and wireless-enabled user terminal 32, illustrating the units relevant to synchronization of terminals in the femto-cell 30 shown in the example of Figure 2B to the GPS clock.
- Figures 4A and 4B are described next in connection with Figure 5, which provides time diagrams illustrating how a user device corrects its clock to align it with the GPS clock.
- FIG 4A shows an embodiment of the block diagram of the MBS 35, which comprises MBS circuitry 49 interfacing the MBS with a communication network (e.g. 1 PSTN/IP network 22 in Figure 2B), RF circuits 48 which interfaces the MBS with the user terminals 32 located in the femto cell 30 over antenna 33 using air interface 34, and a timing unit 45 that enables the user terminals to synchronize to the clock used by MBS 35.
- unit 49 is connected with e.g. a DSLAM 36, or a neighborhood node 37 over twisted pair or cable connections, generally denoted with 29. This connection provides the respective user traffic (e.g.
- MBS circuitry 49 may process signals of various technologies such as Ethernet, IP, and/or the other technologies that may already available at the respective premise.
- This unit includes in general terms a transceiver, modulators/demodulators, baseband processors, amplifiers, filters, etc.
- the air interface 34 is of the type that uses a predetermined bit sequence at the beginning of the frames, as shown and described in connection with Figures 3A, 3B and 3C.
- Timing unit 45 enables functionality according to this invention.
- a synchronization unit 38 is used for extracting the global clock from the signal received on wireline 29 and synchronizing the local clock of the MBS and therefore the MBS to this clock.
- the global clock is used for generating the periodic bit sequence inherently sent to user terminals over the air interface 34.
- Unit 45 also comprises a a message generator 46 that generates a "re-hello message" in response to a "hello message” received from a user terminal 32, and a transceiver 47 used to exchange the hello and re-hello message with terminal 32.
- transceiver 47 could be integrated with the MBS transceiver; the embodiment of Figure 4A is an example where a separate transceiver is used for correcting the time alignment between the MBS and the terminals.
- a time measurement unit 39 is also part of the timing unit 45; unit 39 measures the time of arrival of the hello message, denoted here with D2, and also measures a time D3 when a re-hello message is transmitted by the MBS. This time measurements, referred to as MBS timing information, are inserted in the re-hello message and transmitted to the user terminal.
- the MBS timing information is measured using the MBS clock, which is synchronous with the global clock.
- the MBS clock denoted with T 0 , T 1 , ... T n in Figure 5(a).
- the periodic bit sequence (PBS) is transmitted at time T 0
- the hello message is received at time D2
- the re-hello message is transmitted at time D3.
- Graph (a) also shows that the MBS timing information includes an offset denoted with ⁇ , which accounts for the delay within MBS 35 between the time D2 when the hello message is received and the time D3 the re-hello message is transmitted; this offset is known to the user terminal.
- FIG. 4B shows an example of the user terminal 32 according to an embodiment of the invention.
- a local oscillator 76 provides the local clock that needs to be aligned to the MBS clock.
- the circuitry of the terminal 32 is shown generically as user terminal circuitry 77, which includes modulator/demodulators, fitters, processors, amplifiers, power supply circuits, etc.
- the RF circuit block 74 represents the radio frequency interface that receives and provides the radio signal over the air interface.
- each user device 32 includes a "clock discipliner" 75, for correcting the deviations of the local oscillator 76 from the global clock used by the MBS 35.
- the clock discipliner includes a sequence detector 71 that identifies the periodic bit sequence received from the MBS over the air interface, a timing measurement and adjustment unit 72 that processes timing data to determine the deviation between the global and local clocks and adjusts the local clock to the global clock.
- the clock discipliner also comprises a message generator 79 that triggers transmission of the hello message at preset intervals of time, and a transceiver 73 for enabling exchange of timing data with the MBS 35. It is noted that transceiver 73 could be integrated with the terminal transceiver; the embodiment of Figure 4B is an example where a separate transceiver is used for correcting the time alignment between the MBS and the terminals.
- the local clock 76 of devices 32 is "disciplined" with the global clock, which could be for example a 10 PPS clock derived from the GPS clock and synchronous with the GPS clock.
- Graph (b) of Figure 5 illustrates the receiver clock (Rx clock) of a wireless terminal 32, denoted with to, t 1t ... t,,), and graph (c) shows the transmit clock (Tx clock) of terminal 32 (which is synchronous with the Rx clock).
- the Rx/Tx clock of the terminal 32 is not aligned with the clock of the gateway 35; in this example, the local clock is delayed by ⁇ with respect to the global clock 50, and this delay must be corrected.
- the PBS arrives at the terminal delayed by ⁇ from the global clock
- the hello message arrives at the MBS with the delay ⁇ with respect to the device clock
- the re-hello message arrives to the terminal with the delay ⁇ with respect to the global clock.
- the sequence detector 71 of clock discipliner 75 detects the periodic bit sequence (beacon, PSC, preamble, or the like) at time to rather than T 0 and synchronizes the receiver clock on to; with an unknown delay ⁇ relative to the MBS clock T 0 .
- message generator 79 Upon detection of the sequence, message generator 79 initiates transmission of the hello message from the terminal 32 to the MBS 35. This time is denoted with D1 and is recorded by unit 72. D1 could be measured or calculated by adding to the time t
- MBS 35 receives the hello message after the delay ⁇ . As indicated above, MBS 35 measures the time D2 at which it received the hello message using the global clock.
- unit 72 receives the re-hello message with time measurement D3, and derives from this the delay (clock deviation) ⁇ , since D4, ⁇ , ⁇ and ⁇ are known to it.
- the local clock may now be corrected with ⁇ . This operation is repeated at regular intervals of time, which are preset by message generator 79. Since time measurements D1 and D4 are measured using the terminal clock; the specification refers to these measurements as "terminal timing data”.
Abstract
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CN200980108575.2A CN101971557B (en) | 2008-03-17 | 2009-03-02 | Systems and methods for distributing GPS clock to communications devices |
JP2011500015A JP5450583B2 (en) | 2008-03-17 | 2009-03-02 | System and method for assigning a clock to a communication device |
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CN101971557A (en) | 2011-02-09 |
US8018950B2 (en) | 2011-09-13 |
KR20110003327A (en) | 2011-01-11 |
CN101971557B (en) | 2014-04-16 |
KR101402463B1 (en) | 2014-06-03 |
EP2255486A1 (en) | 2010-12-01 |
JP5450583B2 (en) | 2014-03-26 |
JP2011523794A (en) | 2011-08-18 |
US20090231191A1 (en) | 2009-09-17 |
US8675666B2 (en) | 2014-03-18 |
US20110293023A1 (en) | 2011-12-01 |
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